Iwayini sisiselo esinxilisayo esenziwa ngomdiliya ovundisiweyo.Igwele litya iswekile ekwidiliya lize liyiguqulele ekubeni yi ethanol kunye nekharbon diokside, nto leyo ekhupha ubushushu.Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeediliya kunye neentlobo zegwele zezona zinto ziphambili kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zewayini.Lo mahluko uphumela kwintsebenziswano entsonkothileyo phakathi kophuhliso lwemichiza yebhayoloji yomdiliya, ukusabela okubandakanyekayo ekuvundiseni, indawo yokukhula komdiliya (terroir), kunye nenkqubo yokuvelisa iwayini.Amazwe amaninzi amisela izibheno ezisemthethweni ngenjongo yokuchaza izimbo neempawu zewayini.Oku kunqanda imvelaphi yendawo kunye neendidi ezivumelekileyo zediliya, kunye neminye imiba yemveliso yewayini.Iwayini ezingenziwanga ngomdiliya zibandakanya ukuvundiswa kwezinye izityalo eziquka iwayini yerayisi kunye nezinye iwayini zeziqhamo ezifana neplum, icherry, irharnati, icurrant kunye ne-elderberry.
Imibhalo yokuqala eyaziwayo yewayini ivela eGeorgia (malunga nowama-6000 BCE), eIran (ePersi) (malunga nowama-5000 BCE), naseSicily (malunga nowama-4000 BCE).Iwayini yafika kwiiBalkans ngo-4500 BC kwaye yatyiwa kwaye ibhiyozelwa kwiGrisi yakudala, iThrace kunye neRoma.Ukutyhubela imbali, iwayini isetyenzisiwe ngenxa yeziphumo zayo ezinxilisayo.
Ubungqina bokuqala bezinto zakudala kunye ne-archaeobotanical yewayini yediliya kunye ne-viniculture, eyaqala kwi-6000-5800 BCE yafunyanwa kumhlaba weGeorgia yanamhlanje.Bobabini ubungqina bezinto zakudala kunye nemfuzo bubonisa ukuba ukuveliswa kwewayini kwakuqala kwenye indawo kwakusemva kwexesha elithile, kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwenzeka kuMazantsi eCaucasus (equka iArmenia, iGeorgia neAzerbaijan), okanye ummandla weWest Asia phakathi kweMpuma yeTurkey, namantla eIran.Eyona ndawo yakudala eyaziwayo ukusukela ngo-4100 BCE yi-Areni-1 yewayini yaseArmenia.
Nangona ingeyowayini, obona bungqina bakuqala bomdiliya kunye nerayisi ezixutywe neziselo ezinegwele zafunyanwa kwiChina yakudala (c. 7000 BCE).
Iinkcukacha zokukhululeka kwezinyuko zasempuma ze-Apadana, ePersepolis, ebonisa ama-Armenia azisa i-amphora, mhlawumbi yewayini, kukumkani.
Ingxelo yowama-2003 yabembi bezinto zakudala ibonisa ukuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba iidiliya zazixutywa nerayisi ukuze kuveliswe iziselo ezinegwele kwiTshayina yamandulo kwiminyaka yokuqala yewaka lesixhenxe ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo.Iingqayi zomdongwe ezivela kwindawo ye-Neolithic yaseJiahu, eHenan, iqulethe i-tartaric acid kunye nezinye iikhompawundi eziphilayo ezifumaneka kwiwayini.Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iziqhamo zemveli kulo mmandla, ezifana ne-hawthorn, azinakukhutshelwa ngaphandle.Ukuba ezi ziselo, ezibonakala ngathi zezandulela zewayini yerayisi, zibandakanya iidiliya kunezinye iziqhamo, beziya kuba zeziphi na iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo zasendle eTshayina, endaweni yeVitis vinifera, eyaziswa kwiminyaka engama-6000 kamva.
Ukusasazeka kwenkcubeko yewayini ngasentshona kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwakungenxa yamaFenike athi asasazeka ukusuka kwisiseko sezixeko ezigudle unxweme lweMeditera oluphakathi kweLebhanon yanamhlanje (kunye nokuquka iindawo ezincinci zakwaSirayeli/iPalestina kunye nonxweme lwaseSyria);[37] ] nangona kunjalo, inkcubeko yeNuragic eSardinia yayisele inesiko lokusela iwayini ngaphambi kokufika kwamaFenike.Iwayini zeByblos zathunyelwa eYiputa ngexesha loBukumkani obudala kwaye emva koko kulo lonke iMeditera.Ubungqina boku buquka iinqanawa ezimbini zamaFenike ezaphuka ukususela ngowama-750 B.C.E., ezafunyanwa nemithwalo yazo yewayini ingekaguquki, eyafunyanwa nguRobert Ballard Njengabarhwebi bokuqala abakhulu bewayini (cherem), amaFenike kubonakala ngathi ayikhusele kwioxidation ngongqimba lwewayini. ioli yeoli, elandelwa sisitywina sepinewood kunye ne-resin, efana ne-retsina.
Iintsalela zokuqala zeApadana Palace ePersepolis ezaqala ngo-515 BCE zibandakanya imizobo ebonisa amajoni avela kwi-Achaemenid Empire kumazwe ezisa izipho kukumkani wase-Achaemenid, phakathi kwabo ama-Armenia ezisa iwayini yabo edumileyo.
Iimbekiselo ngewayini zininzi ngoHomer (kwinkulungwane yesi-8 ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba zihlobene neengoma zangaphambili), uAlkman (ngenkulungwane yesi-7 ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo), nezinye.KwiYiputa yamandulo, ii-amphoras zewayini ezintandathu zafunyanwa kwingcwaba likaKumkani uTutankhamun enegama elithi "Kha'y", i-royal chief vintner.Ezintlanu kwezi amphora zatyunjwa njengeziphuma kwilifa lokumkani, kunye neyesithandathu kwilifa lendlu yasebukhosini ka-Aten.Umkhondo we wayini ufunyenwe kumbindi we Asia i Xinjiang kwi China yanamhlanje, ukusukela kwinkulungwane yesibini neyokuqala BCE.
Isixovulelo sewayini emva kokuvuna;I-Tacuinum Sanitatis, inkulungwane ye-14
Ukukhankanywa kokuqala okwaziwayo kwewayini esekwe kwidiliya eIndiya kususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesi-4 kwimibhalo ka-Chanakya, umphathiswa oyintloko we-Emperor Chandragupta Maurya.Kwimibhalo yakhe, u-Chanakya uyakugxeka ukusetyenziswa kotywala ngelixa echaza umlawuli kunye nenkundla yakhe yokuzonwabisa rhoqo kwindlela yewayini eyaziwa ngokuba yi-madhu.
AmaRoma amandulo ayetyala izidiliya kufutshane needolophu zomkhosi ukuze iwayini iveliselwe ekuhlaleni kunokuba ihanjiswe imigama emide.Ezinye zezi ndawo ngoku zidume kwihlabathi jikelele ngemveliso yewayini.AmaRoma afumanisa ukuba amakhandlela esalfure avutha ngaphakathi kwizitya zewayini ezingenanto ayewagcina esitsha yaye engenavumba leviniga.KumaXesha Aphakathi eYurophu, iCawa yamaRoma Katolika yayiyixhasa iwayini kuba abefundisi babeyifuna kwiMisa. Iimonki zaseFransi zazisenza iwayini kangangeminyaka, ziyigugisa emiqolombeni.Iresiphi endala yesiNgesi eyasinda ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo de kwayinkulungwane ye-19 ifuna ukucokiswa kwewayini emhlophe kwiwayini yebhastadi—embi okanye emdaka.
Emva kwexesha, inzala yewayini yomthendeleko yahluzwa ukuze ibe nencasa emnandi.Oku kubangele i-viticulture yanamhlanje kwiwayini yaseFransi, iwayini yase-Italiya, iwayini yaseSpain, kwaye ezi zithethe zediliya zewayini zaziswa kwiwayini yeHlabathi eNtsha.Umzekelo, imidiliya yeMission yaziswa ngoomonki baseFranciscan eNew Mexico ngo-1628 beqala imveli yewayini yase-New Mexico, lemidiliya nayo yaziswa eCalifornia eyaqala ishishini lewayini laseCalifornia.Enkosi kwinkcubeko yewayini yaseSpain, le mimandla mibini ekugqibeleni yajika yaba ngabavelisi bakudala nabakhulu, ngokulandelelana, bewayini yaseUnited States.IViking sagas ngaphambili ikhankanye umhlaba omhle ozaliswe ziidiliya zasendle kunye newayini ekumgangatho ophezulu ebizwa kanye ngokuba yiVinland.[51]Phambi kokuba amaSpanish aseke izithethe zawo zewayini zaseMelika eCalifornia naseNew Mexico, zombini iFrance neBhritane ziye zazama ukuseka imidiliya eFlorida naseVirginia ngokulandelelana kwazo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-04-2022